Cocaine use contributed 0.3% of the total burden of disease and injuries in 2018 and 10.9% of the total burden due to illicit drug use (Table S2.5). Of the burden due to cocaine use, suicide and self-inflicted injuries accounted for 6.4% and drug use disorder (excluding alcohol) 10.6% (AIHW 2021). In 2022, the proportion of amphetamine-related ambulance attendances where multiple drugs were involved (excluding alcohol) ranged from 34% of attendances in Queensland to 52% of attendances in Victoria (Table S1.11). Data from the National Wastewater Drug Monitoring Program (NWDMP) show that the population-weighted average consumption of stimulant drugs varies based on drug type and geographic area. For participants of the EDRS, cocaine was the second most commonly used stimulant drug (after ecstasy) with 81% reporting past 6 months use in 2022, remaining stable relative to 2022 (79%) (Sutherland et al. 2023a).
Kongsakon 2005 published data only
- Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.
- Notably, amphetamines’ sympathomimetic properties precipitate adverse cardiovascular and neurological effects, with studies indicating their involvement in a significant proportion of drug-related deaths in the US.
- Among injection drug users, infection with HIV and other infectious diseases is spread primarily through the use of contaminated syringes, needles, or other paraphernalia by more than one person.
Any discrepancies were resolved through discussion to achieve a consensus. Initially, titles were used as the basis for rejecting articles that did not meet selection criteria. Subsequently, the abstracts were reviewed to eliminate studies unrelated to AMPH or METH withdrawal and locomotion. Finally, a comprehensive examination of the full text was conducted to exclude articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria. The use of amphetamines and other stimulants can be disproportionately higher for specific population groups. This is a rate of 39.1 hospitalisations per 100,000 population for methamphetamine and 4.9 per 100,000 for cocaine (Table S1.12c).
- This could feel like a “rush” or a euphoric feeling that makes you happy and elevates your mood.
- This is the sampling criteria for participants of the Ecstasy and related Drugs Reporting System (EDRS).
- Medicines don’t cure your opioid addiction, but they can help in your recovery.
Physical health risks of amphetamine addiction
Stories of trauma, loss, resilience and transformation, we take a deep dive into the universal truth that no matter how unique our experiences may seem, we are never truly alone in our challenges. Amphetamines are controlled substances in the USA with the C-II designation. The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision. The number of animals employed per group was 5–6 (1 study), 6–7 (1), 6–8 (1), 7–8 (1), 8 (2), 8–9 (1), 7–10 (2), 10 (3), 11 (1), 12–13 (1), 19–22 (1), and three studies did not mention the number of animals allocated per group.
What causes amphetamine dependence?
There were few relevant studies of pharmacological treatments in combination with BCBT. Due to the limited number of studies, conducting a meta-analysis was not feasible. Furthermore, combining the outcomes from the individual trials through meta-analysis and using a random-effects model were not feasible because a certain degree of heterogeneity was expected among trials. Furthermore, data were inadequate to measure effect sizes for some outcome measures.
- Everyone’s journey with recovery is different, but asking a healthcare professional, family member, or friend for help is usually the first step.
- Amphetamine sulfate has a high potential for abuse and misuse, which can lead to the development of a substance use disorder, including addiction.
- Amphetamine-related psychiatric disorders can occur with acute or chronic use.
- Amphetamine users frequently develop dependence, often referred to as a substance use disorder.
The first phase of this syndrome is the initial “crash” that resolves within about a week (Gossop 1982; McGregor 2005). A subacute, protracted set of withdrawal symptoms that generally resolve in 3 weeks and that are not as well defined, include continued sleep disturbances (mild hypersomnia or insomnia and continued increased appetite (McGregor 2005;Gossop 1982). Although the most severe symptoms occurring during amphetamine withdrawal resolve in a week or less, some symptoms may continue for weeks or months (Watson 1972; Hofmann 1983).
Deaths involving methamphetamine have surged dramatically since the mid-2010s, based on federal data. There is no antidote to reverse meth’s toxicity as opioid amphetamine addiction overdoses are reversible with naloxone and nalmefene. As depicted in the table at left, methamphetamine overdose deaths have dramatically increased.
Treatment / Management
